ADVANCING TIME MANAGEMENT TRAINING: FROM PRE-PRIMARY TO ADULT EDUCATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17770/eid2025.2.86Keywords:
external time , framework, internal time, methodology of time management, time management trainingAbstract
Increase of time management effect is in permanent focus in social sciences, e.g. education, economics, political science, international relations, etc. For the increase of time management effect, education plays the decisive role by providing time management training in educational institutions at all levels. The main aim of this work is to shape a framework for time management training in educational institutions starting from pre-primary school moving through higher education and further to adult education. Exploratory research of qualitative nature is leveraged. The exploratory research is rooted in the interdisciplinary methodology. Analysis of theoretical sources with open access is based on concept review. The finding is that there are several time concepts built on a variety of constructs by different scientific disciplines. Time concepts developed in social sciences can be used among these social sciences. The concept of research constructs allows finding a novel way for grouping of different interdisciplinary approaches applied to time into the external and internal ones. This in turn helps mold four methodologies for time management. Benefits and drawbacks of each methodology are highlighted. The four methodologies are designed to target gradually and sequentially specific needs of individuals in time management training.
References
Aeon, B., Faber, A., & Panaccio, A. (2021). Does time management work? A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16(1): e0245066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245066 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245066
Ahmad, N.L., Yusuf, A.N. Mohd., Shobri, N.D.M. & Wahab, S. (2012). The Relationship between Time Management and Job Performance in Event Management. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 65, 937-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.223
Ahrens, A., & Zaščerinska, J. (2014, August). A framework for selecting sample size in educational research on E-Business application. In 2014 11th International Conference on e-Business (ICE-B) (pp. 39-46). IEEE. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7509044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5220/0005020000390046
Ahrens, A., Purvinis, O., Zascerinska, J., Miceviciene, D., & Tautkus, A. (2018). Burstiness Management for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth: Emerging Research and Opportunities. IGI Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5442-4
Ahrens, A., Zascerinska, J., Bhati, P., Bikova, A., Aleksejeva, L., Zascerinskis, M., & Gukovica, O. (2024a). Linking External Time with Internal Time for Revamping Education Reform. Education Reform: Education Content Research and Implementation Problems, 2, 5-18. https://doi.org/10.17770/er2024.2.8286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17770/er2024.2.8286
Ahrens, A., Zascerinska, J., Bikova, A., Aleksejeva, L, Zascerinskis, M., & Gukovica, O. (2023a). Emotions in Education 2050: a Forecasting Exercise. Education. Innovation. Diversity, 2(7), 5-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1770/eid2023.2.7342 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.17770/eid2023.2.7342
Ahrens, A., Zascerinska, J., Bikova, A., Aleksejeva, L., Zascerinskis, M., & Gukovica, O. (2023b). A New Development Model of Sustainable Communication for Higher Education Institutions. Education. Innovation. Diversity., 1(6), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.17770/eid2023.1.7175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17770/eid2023.1.7175
Ahrens, A., Zascerinska, J., Bikova, A., & Zascerinskis, M. (2024b). Towards Education 2050: Methodological Observations. Society. Integration. Education. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, 2, 140-155. https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2024vol2.7848 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2024vol2.7848
Ahrens, A., Zascerinska, J., Filimonova, D., & Bikova, A. (2023c). How Emotions Are Developed: Insights From Vygotsky’S and Leontiev’s Works. Society. Integration. Education. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Volume II, 232-242. https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2023vol2.7116 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2023vol2.7116
Ahrens, A., Zaščerinska, J., & Melnikova, J. (2019). Method for the Construction of Students’ Scientific Identity within English for Academic Purposes: The Case of International Students of Master Programme “Information and Electrical Engineering” at Hochschule Wismar. Society. Integration. Education Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Volume I, Higher Education, May 24th-25th, 2019, 43-53. Rezekne: Rezekne Academy of Technologies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol1.3731 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol1.3731
Claessens, B.J.C., van Eerde, W., Rutte, C.G. & Roe, R.A. (2007). A review of the time management literature. Personnel Review, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 255-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710726136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710726136
Daan, S., & Merrow, M. (2002). External Time–Internal Time. Journal of Biological Rhythms. 2002;17(2):107-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/074873002129002375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/074873002129002375
Easya, A.D. & Susanty, A.I. (2022). Overtime Work, Time Management, and Employees' Work-Life Balance (a Perspective from Employees at a Human Capital Division in a Bank in West Java, Indonesia). Reconstructing and Developing Industrial Engineering and Operation Management Sciences in VUCA Situation, IEOM Societ y International, Johor Bahru, 4684-4692. Retrieved from https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2022malaysia/794.pdf
Edgar, T.W., & Manz, D.O. (2017). Chapter 3 - Starting Your Research, Editor(s): Thomas W. Edgar, David O. Manz, Research Methods for Cyber Security, Syngress, 63-92. Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805349-2.00003-0
Feather, N. T., & Bond, M. J. (1983). Time structure and purposeful activity among employed and unemployed university graduates. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 56(3), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00131.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00131.x
Fetzer, C., & Cristian, F. (1997). Integrating External and Internal Clock Synchronization. Real-Time Systems 12, 123–171. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007905917490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007905917490
Francis-Smythe, J.A. (2006). Time Management. In J. Glicksohn & M. Myslobodsky (Eds), Timing the Future: The Case for a Time-Based Prospective Memory. World Scientific Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812707123_0006
Grzegorczyk, M., Mariniello, M., Nurski, L. & Schraepen, T. (2021). Blending the physical and virtual: a hybrid model for the future of work, Policy Contribution 14/2021, Bruegel. Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/251067
Heintzelman, S.J, & King, L.A. (2019). Routines and Meaning in Life. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2019 May; 45(5), 688–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218795133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218795133
Yabe, Y., & Yamada, S. (2023). A pilot study of how the past, present, and future are represented in three-dimensional space. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1071917. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071917
Young, A.N., Bourke, A., Foley, S., & Di Blasi, Z. (2024). Effects of time management interventions on mental health and wellbeing factors: A protocol for a systematic review. PLoS ONE, 19(3), e0288887. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288887 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288887
Ismoilova, D.M. (2020.) Educational forecasting as a scientific and pedagogical problem. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences, 8(6), 42-47.
Jansen, D. (2023). Research Constructs 101. Constructs, Validity & Reliability – Explained Simply. Retrieved from https://gradcoach.com/research-constructs/#:~:text=the%20key%20takeaways%3A-,A%20research%20construct%20is%20an%20abstraction%20that%20researchers%20use%20to,it%20is%20not%20directly%20measurable .
Jinalee, N., & Singh, A. K. (2018). A descriptive study of time management models and theories. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, 3(9), 141-147.
Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative Content Analysis. In: U. Flick, E. Von Kardoff and I. Steinke (Eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research, pp. 266-269. SAGE, UK, Glasgow.
Maket, L.J. & Njeru, C.M. (2023). The Relationship between Time Management Tendencies and Employee Productivity in the Insurance Business. The International Journal of Innovation and Development, Volume 12, Issue 6.
Mandel, B.R. (2012). Time at a crossroads of sciences: philosophy, cultural science, psychology and neurophysiology. Philosophy of Time 2-3, pp. 39-53.
Maniadakis, M. & Trahanias, P. (2014). Time models and cognitive processes: a review. Journal Frontiers in Neurorobotics, Volume 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2014.00007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2014.00007
Molaee, Z., Asadzadeh, H., & Dortaj, F. (2014). Parallel Programming: a model for time management, improving the academic achievement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1172
Onque, R. (2024). Chasing work-life balance can ‘lead to anxiety,’ Harvard professor says—try the ‘pendulum lifestyle’ instead. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2024/09/14/forget-work-life-balance-and-try-the-pendulum-lifestyle-instead.html .
Pedada, S. (2023). What is Construct in Research? Unveiling the Hidden Scheme. Get a better understanding of construct in research and learn valuable tips on how to use them in your research studies. Retrieved from https://mindthegraph.com/blog/construct-in-research/
Ravichandran-Schmidt, P. (2023). Computational Modeling of Time perception and its Dopaminergic Modulation. Retrieved from http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/34191 .
Watt, J. H. & van den Berg, S. (2002). Research Methods for Communication Science. Retrieved from http://www.cios.org/readbook/rmcs/rmcs.htm
Wilson, K.G. (2001). Some Notes on Theoretical Constructs: Types and Validation from a Contextual Behavioral Perspective. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy 2001, Vol. 1, Nº 2, pp. 205-215. Retrieved from https://psykebase.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=206028
Zaščerinska, J. (2011). Language Acquisition and Language Learning: Developing the System of External and Internal Perspectives. In: Zuģicka I., Proceedings of the 52nd International Scientific Conference of Daugavpils University, pp. 412-417. Daugavpils: Daugavpils Universitātes Akadēmiskais apgāds „Saule”.
Zaščerinska, J., Aleksejeva, L., Zaščerinskis, M., Gukovica, O., & Aleksejeva, A. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Business in Africa: Implications for Building an EU-AU Partnership of Equals. Regional Formation and Development Studies Journal of Social Sciences, 1(33), 153-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v33i1.2207 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v33i1.2207
Ziekye, J. (2016). Impact of Time Management on Organizational Effectiveness. South American Journal of Management Volume 2, Issue 1. DOI: 10.21522/TIJMG.2015.02.01.Art003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJMG.2015.02.01.Art003
Žogla, I. (2018). Principles of learner learning-centred didactic in the context of technology-enhanced learning. In Didactics of Smart Pedagogy: Smart Pedagogy for Technology Enhanced Learning (pp. 71-94). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01551-0_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01551-0_4
Žogla, I. & Lasmanis, A. (2009). On Scientific Research in Education: Reflections on PhD Theses. Scientific Papers University of Latvia Volume 747 Pedagogy and Teachers’ Education, pp. 278-295. Latvijas Universitāte.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Andreas Ahrens, Prof. Janis Dzerviniks, Dr. Svetlana Usca, Dr. Julija Melnikova, Dr. Jelena Zascerinska, Anastasija Bikova, Mihails Zascerinskis, Irina Abjalkiene

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.